汇率操纵国
currency manipulator
1月13日，美国财政部公布半年度汇率政策报告，取消对中国“汇率操纵国”的认定。
In its semiannual Report on Macroeconomic and Foreign Exchange Policies of Major Trading Partners of the United States, the Treasury Department said no major US trading partner at this time met the relevant legislative criteria for currency manipulation.
美国财政部发布的《主要贸易伙伴的宏观经济和外汇政策》半年报告指出，目前，美国主要的贸易伙伴中，无一符合汇率操纵国法定标准。
根据美国对“汇率操纵国（currency manipulator）”最新的认定标准，当一国在过去四个季度满足以下三个标准时会被认定为“汇率操纵国”：1.对美国贸易顺差超过200亿美元（a bilateral trade surplus of $20 billion or more with the US）；2.经常账户顺差占GDP比重超过2%（a current account surplus of 2 percent or more of its gross domestic product）；3.单边汇率干预持续时长超过6个月（one-sided intervention in foreign exchange markets for more than 6 months）。
如果一个经济体满足三个标准，则被认定为“汇率操纵国”；如果只满足两个标准，会被列入观察名单（monitoring list）；如果只满足第一个标准，但该经济体对美国的总体贸易逆差贡献较大，也可能被列入观察名单。
美国财政部去年8月宣布将中国列为“汇率操纵国”，遭到中方、经济学界和权威国际机构的普遍反对。
Mark Sobel, US chairman of the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum, an independent think tank, said on Twitter that this is “good news,” calling the designation “” and “errant” political act. “China shouldn’t have been designated to start with,” said Sobel, who was served as deputy assistant secretary at the US Treasury Department. He noted China’s current account surplus is small as a share of GDP, and there is “scant intervention.”
前美国财政部官员、官方货币与金融机构论坛主席马克·索贝尔在推特上表示，美国财政部此举是“好消息”，中国从一开始就不应被认定为“汇率操纵国”，中国经常账户顺差占国内生产总值比重较小，几乎不构成干涉，美国政府此前的认定是“错误的政治行为”。
- 国际储备货币
global reserve currency - 结算货币
settlement currency - 汇率微调
rate fine-tuning - 估值偏低货币
undervalued currency